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In the 18th century, the table-spoon became an unofficial unit of the apothecaries' system of measures, equal to 4 drams ( 1 / 2 fl oz, 14.8 ml). It was more commonly known by the Latin name cochleare majus (abbreviated cochl. maj.) or, in apothecaries' notation, f℥ss or f℥ß (fluid ℥, i.e. ounce, semis, one-half). [12] [13] [14]
These three customary units vary. However, the metric ounce is usually taken as 25 or 30 ml when volume is being measured, or grams when mass is being measured. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines the "food labeling ounce" as 30 ml, slightly larger than the 29.6 ml fluid ounce. [38]
Avoirdupois is a system of mass based on a pound of 16 ounces, while Troy weight is the system of mass where 12 troy ounces equals one troy pound. The symbol g 0 is used to denote standard gravity in order to avoid confusion with the (upright) g symbol for gram.
Alcohol proof. Alcohol proof (usually termed simply "proof" in relation to a beverage) is a measure of the content of ethanol (alcohol) in an alcoholic beverage. The term was originally used in England and from 1816 was equal to about 1.75 times the percentage of alcohol by volume (ABV). The United Kingdom today uses ABV instead of proof.
For ounces, the measurements are typically in multiples of 8, for example 32 fl oz and 40 fl oz, which correspond closely to common metric variants including 1 liter and 1.2 liters. Rainfall is usually measured based on the height from the ground in inches. [112]
The molar volume of gases around STP and at atmospheric pressure can be calculated with an accuracy that is usually sufficient by using the ideal gas law. The molar volume of any ideal gas may be calculated at various standard reference conditions as shown below: V m = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm 3 /mol at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
8 US fl oz (237 mL) Smaller of the two original sizes Currently only available for hot drinks Tall 12 US fl oz (355 mL) Larger of the two original sizes Grande 16 US fl oz (473 mL) Italian for "large" Venti 20 US fl oz (591 mL) - Hot 26 US fl oz (770 mL) - Iced Italian for "twenty" Trenta 30 US fl oz (887 mL)
At the height of the Roman Empire a sextarius (546 ml or about 2 1 ⁄ 4 American cups) of ordinary wine cost roughly one dupondius (1 ⁄ 8 of a denarius); after Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices was issued in 301 AD, the same item cost 8 debased common denarii – 6300% inflation. Silver content plummeted across the lifespan of the denarius.