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SGLT2 inhibitors (also called gliflozins or flozins) are a class of medications that inhibit sodium-glucose transport proteins in the nephron (the functional units of the kidney), unlike SGLT1 inhibitors that perform a similar function in the intestinal mucosa. The foremost metabolic effect of this is to inhibit reabsorption of glucose in the ...
Empagliflozin is an inhibitor of the sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2), and works by increasing sugar loss in urine. [2] Empagliflozin was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 2014. [13][24][25] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [26]
Its protective effects in heart failure is attributed primarily to haemodynamic effects, where SGLT2 inhibitors potently reduce intravascular volume through osmotic diuresis and natriuresis. This consequently may lead to a reduction in preload and afterload, thereby alleviating cardiac workload and improving left ventricular function. [50]
SGLT2 is the major cotransporter involved in glucose reabsorption in the kidney. [6] SGLT2 is located in the early proximal tubule, and is responsible for reabsorption of 80-90% of the glucose filtered by the kidney glomerulus. [7] Most of the remaining glucose absorption is by sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) in more distal sections of ...
The most common side effects include urinary infections, nasopharyngitis, and upper respiratory tract infections . [5] [6] The most serious side effects include ketoacidosis (high blood levels of acids called ‘ketoacids’), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), hypersensitivity (allergic reactions) and hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar levels).
In one review of 14 studies, researchers found GLP-1 agonists led to an average weight loss difference of 4-6.2 percent in people with diabetes versus 6.1-17.4 percent in people without diabetes ...
Diabetes medication. Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose levels in the blood. With the exception of insulin, most GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide, exenatide, and others), and pramlintide, all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic ...
GLP-1 agonists were developed initially for type 2 diabetes. [5] The 2022 American Diabetes Association (ADA) standards of medical care in diabetes include GLP-1 agonist or SGLT2 inhibitor as a first line pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes in patients who have or are at high risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or heart failure.
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