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2. Diaphragmatic excursion - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragmatic_excursion

   Diaphragmatic excursion is the movement of the thoracic diaphragm during breathing. Normal diaphragmatic excursion should be 3–5 cm, but can be increased in well-conditioned persons to 7–8 cm. This measures the contraction of the diaphragm. It is performed by asking the patient to exhale and hold it.

3. Dahl's sign - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahl's_sign

   Air trapping in the lungs of COPD patients causes the diaphragm to be pushed down and flattened, which reduces the effect of contraction of the diaphragm during inspiration. Sitting forwards pushes the abdominal contents upwards, increasing the curvature of the diaphragm and improving its effectiveness. [5]

4. Respiratory examination - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_examination

   In addition to measuring the patient's respiratory rate, the examiner will observe the patient's breathing pattern: A patient with metabolic acidosis will often demonstrate a rapid breathing pattern, known as Kussmaul breathing. Rapid breathing helps the patient compensate for the decrease in blood pH by increasing the amount of exhaled carbon ...

5. Hoover's sign (pulmonary) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover's_sign_(pulmonary)

   It refers to inward movement of the lower rib cage during inspiration, [2] - instead of outward as is normal - implying a flat, but functioning, diaphragm, often associated with COPD. [3] COPD, and more specifically emphysema, often lead to hyperexpansion of the lungs due to air trapping.

6. How to Exercise When You Have COPD - AOL

   www.aol.com/exercise-copd-143308318.html

   I f you’ve been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, you probably have shortness of breath during physical exertion. Regular exercise may seem intimidating, but it’s ...

7. Harrison's groove - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison's_groove

   Harrison's groove, also known as Harrison's sulcus, is a horizontal groove along the lower border of the thorax corresponding to the costal insertion of the diaphragm; it is usually caused by chronic asthma or obstructive respiratory disease.