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The numerical range is the range of the Rayleigh quotient. ( Hausdorff–Toeplitz theorem ) The numerical range is convex and compact. W ( α A + β I ) = α W ( A ) + { β } {\displaystyle W(\alpha A+\beta I)=\alpha W(A)+\{\beta \}} for all square matrix A {\displaystyle A} and complex numbers α {\displaystyle \alpha } and β {\displaystyle ...
For example, in an eight-bit byte, only seven bits represent the magnitude, which can range from 0000000 (0) to 1111111 (127). Thus numbers ranging from −127 10 to +127 10 can be represented once the sign bit (the eighth bit) is added. For example, −43 10 encoded in an eight-bit byte is 10101011 while 43 10 is 00101011.
Another meaning of range in computer science is an alternative to iterator. When used in this sense, range is defined as "a pair of begin/end iterators packed together". [1] It is argued [1] that "Ranges are a superior abstraction" (compared to iterators) for several reasons, including better safety.
In probability theory, the law (or formula) of total probability is a fundamental rule relating marginal probabilities to conditional probabilities. It expresses the total probability of an outcome which can be realized via several distinct events , hence the name.
Two's complement is the most common method of representing signed (positive, negative, and zero) integers on computers, [1] and more generally, fixed point binary values. Two's complement uses the binary digit with the greatest value as the sign to indicate whether the binary number is positive or negative; when the most significant bit is 1 the number is signed as negative and when the most ...
One may show by induction that F(n) counts the number of ways that a n × 1 strip of squares may be covered by 2 × 1 and 1 × 1 tiles. On the other hand, if such a tiling uses exactly k of the 2 × 1 tiles, then it uses n − 2 k of the 1 × 1 tiles, and so uses n − k tiles total.
The number of binary strings of length n without an odd number of consecutive 1 s is the Fibonacci number F n+1. For example, out of the 16 binary strings of length 4, there are F 5 = 5 without an odd number of consecutive 1 s—they are 0000, 0011, 0110, 1100, 1111.
The set of rational numbers is not complete. For example, the sequence (1; 1.4; 1.41; 1.414; 1.4142; 1.41421; ...), where each term adds a digit of the decimal expansion of the positive square root of 2, is Cauchy but it does not converge to a rational number (in the real numbers, in contrast, it converges to the positive square root of 2).