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Multiple sclerosis is typically diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms, in combination with supporting medical imaging and laboratory testing. [4] It can be difficult to confirm, especially early on, since the signs and symptoms may be similar to those of other medical problems. [5] [6]
It is common to classify them according to their source (imaging biomarkers, body fluid biomarkers and genetic biomarkers) or their utility (diagnosis, evolution and response to medication) Among the imaging biomarkers in MS the most known is MRI by two methods, gadolinium contrast and T2-hypertense lesions, but also important are PET and OCT.
Abundant extracellular myelin in the meninges of patients with multiple sclerosis has been found [118] Brain tissues with MRI-hidden problems are usually named Normal Appearing. Exploring the normal-appearing corpus callosum has been found a possible primary hypoperfusion, [119] according with other findings in this same direction.
It can be diagnosed in vivo with an MRI scan. [7] If Marburg disease occurs in the form of a single large lesion, it can be radiologically indistinguishable from a brain tumor or abscess. It is usually lethal, but it has been found to be responsive to mitoxantrone [ 8 ] and alemtuzumab , [ 9 ] and it has also been responsive to autologous stem ...
Animation showing dissemination of brain lesions in time and space as demonstrated by monthly MRI studies along a year Multiple sclerosis as seen on MRI. Multiple sclerosis is typically diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms, in combination with supporting medical imaging and laboratory testing. [5]
Dawson's Fingers appearing on an MRI scan. Multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) produce lesions (demyelinated areas in the CNS) and glial scars or scleroses. They present different shapes and histological findings according to the underlying condition that produces them.
Currently, routine clinical follow-up and MRI neuroimaging surveillance is the standard by which patients are observed. [4] While treatment of MS disease modifying therapies have been given to some individuals with RIS, the majority opt for active surveillance and the appearance of clinical symptoms before commencing treatment, [5] as treatment is considered controversial.
Neurological testing may also be performed, such as "a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI), and computerized brain tomography are used to detect central nervous system lesions, myelin loss, white matter abnormalities, and other physical changes in the brain."