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Courtesy bias, the tendency to give an opinion that is more socially correct than one's true opinion, so as to avoid offending anyone. [136] Groupthink, the psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.
Therefore, the false-consensus effect, or the tendency to deduce judgements from one's own opinions, is a direct result of egocentric bias. [14] A well known example of false-consensus effect is a study published by Ross, Greene and House in 1977. [15] Students are asked to walk around a campus with a sandwich board that bearing the word "repent".
These biases contribute to overconfidence in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. For example, confirmation bias produces systematic errors in scientific research based on inductive reasoning (the gradual accumulation of supportive evidence). Similarly, a police detective may identify a ...
In philosophy and psychology, an alief is an automatic or habitual belief-like attitude, particularly one that is in tension with a person's explicit beliefs. [1] For example, a person standing on a transparent balcony may believe that they are safe, but alieve that they are in danger .
According to Stroud (2008), theoretically, selective exposure occurs when people's beliefs guide their media selections. [5] Selective exposure has been displayed in various contexts such as self-serving situations and situations in which people hold prejudices regarding outgroups, particular opinions, and personal and group-related issues. [6]
Justification (also called epistemic justification) is a property of beliefs that fulfill certain norms about what a person should believe. [1] [2] Epistemologists often identify justification as a component of knowledge distinguishing it from mere true opinion. [3]
Some beliefs may be more useful than others, or may be implied by a large number of beliefs. Examples might be laws of logic , or the belief in an external world of physical objects. Altering such central portions of the web of beliefs would have immense, ramifying consequences, and affect many other beliefs.
For example, if someone reads the time from their clock they may form a justified belief about the current time even if the clock stopped a while ago and shows a false time now. [39] If a person has a justified belief then they are often able to articulate what this belief is and to provide arguments stating the reasons supporting it.
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