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The process of spermatogenesis as the cells progress from primary spermatocytes, to secondary spermatocytes, to spermatids, to Sperm Cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the testis. Spermatocytogenesis is the male form of gametocytogenesis and results in the formation of spermatocytes possessing half the normal complement of genetic material.
During spermatogenesis, the DNA of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules is subject to damage from such sources as reactive oxygen species. [1] The genomic integrity of spermatogenic cells is protected by DNA repair processes. [2] Deficiencies in the enzymes employed in these repair processes may lead to infertility. [2]
The second cell type is the cells belonging to the spermatogenic cell lineage. These eventually develop into sperm cells ( spermatozoon ). Typically, the spermatogenic cells will make four to eight layers in the germinal epithelium.
Spermatogonia going through mitosis to form primary spermatocytes in Grasshopper testes. Spermatocytogenesis. At puberty, spermatogonia located along the walls of the seminiferous tubules within the testis will be initiated and start to divide mitotically, forming two types of A cells that contain an oval shaped nucleus with a nucleolus attached to the nuclear envelope; one is dark (Ad) and ...
Sertoli cells have a higher mutation frequency than spermatogenic cells. [15] Compared to spermatocytes , the mutation frequency is about 5 to 10-fold higher in Sertoli cells. This may reflect the need for greater efficiency of DNA repair and mutation avoidance in the germ line than in somatic cells.
FSH plays a role in the spermatogenic capacity of the adult male as it controls the proliferation of Sertoli cells during either the perinatal or pubertal period, or both. [3] However, testosterone has been found to be the most important hormone that is responsible for both the initiation and the maintenance of spermatogenesis. [4]
The mammalian Leydig cell is a polyhedral epithelioid cell with a single eccentrically located ovoid nucleus. The nucleus contains one to three prominent nucleoli and large amounts of dark-staining peripheral heterochromatin.
This gene encodes a protein belonging to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family of enzymes that play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism.Like its somatic cell counterpart, this sperm-specific enzyme functions in a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent manner to remove hydrogen and add phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to form 1,3-diphosphoglycerate.