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Near-surface air temperature, the temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth; Sea surface temperature, the temperature of water close to the ocean's surface; Global surface temperature, the combined global average of near-surface air temperature and sea surface temperature; Surface temperature of a star, often the effective temperature
Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changes. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines global mean surface temperature (GMST) as the "estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a ...
The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological observatories and weather stations, usually using thermometers placed in a shelter such as a Stevenson screen—a standardized, well-ventilated, white-painted instrument shelter. The thermometers should be positioned 1.25–2 m above the ground.
An example is the 2-metre temperature, which is the standard height for near-surface observations of air temperature. This temperature is not directly predicted from the model but is deduced from surface and lowest-model-layer temperatures. Other software is used for creating plots and animations.
Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. [1] On Earth, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's atmosphere, the troposphere, [2] [3] just below the stratosphere.
However, a common temperature and pressure in use by NIST for thermodynamic experiments is 298.15 K (25 °C, 77 °F) and 1 bar (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa). [4] [5] NIST also uses 15 °C (288.15 K, 59 °F) for the temperature compensation of refined petroleum products, despite noting that these two values are not exactly consistent with each other.
Temperature determines the statistical occupation of the microstates of the ensemble. The microscopic definition of temperature is only meaningful in the thermodynamic limit, meaning for large ensembles of states or particles, to fulfill the requirements of the statistical model. Kinetic energy is also considered as a component of thermal energy.
It measures temperatures on the surface of the Earth, rather than surface air temperature. [2] [3] Dr. Simon Hook [4] is the principal investigator of the ECOSTRESS mission and Dr. Joshua Fisher [5] is the Science lead; both are located at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). [3]