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Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology (). [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith (usul al-din), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [3]
[2] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Ilm" is understood as the antithesis of "djahl," which means "ignorance." [4] The word "ilm" is the most comprehensive term for "knowledge" in Arabic. While it is sometimes considered synonymous with "marifa" and "shuūr," there are notable distinctions in their usage. The verb associated with "ilm ...
Ẓāhir or zaher (Arabic: ظاهر) is an Arabic term in some tafsir (interpretations of the Quran) for what is external and manifest. [1] Certain esoteric interpretations of Islam maintain that the Quran has an exoteric or apparent meaning, known as zahir, but also an underlying esoteric meaning, known as batin (baten), which can be interpreted only by a figure of esoteric knowledge.
Shiʿi Islam [4] [5] Many of the same subjects are studied at Shiʿi seminaries (known as hawza), but there are some differences: Falsafa (Islamic philosophy) Fiqh (jurisprudence) 'Ilm al-Hadith (traditions) Ilm al-Kalam (theology) 'Ilm ar-Rijal (evaluation of biographies) ʿIrfān (Islamic mysticism) Manṭiq (Logic) Lugha (language studies)
Where there is hostility to esoteric understandings of Islam, this heightened focus on the faith’s inner dimensions creates a greater need for taqiyyah. [ 9 ] Ismailis and other esoterically-inclined Muslim communities employ taqiyyah to ensure the esoteric teachings are reserved only for those who are prepared to receive them. [ 10 ]
In other word Adalah has a wide meaning as putting everything in their right places, so being The Most Merciful or The Sustainer get their meaning from Adalah. 2. Eschatology and Prophecy and Imamah as principles of the Shia Theology are closely related to Adalah. 3. At the beginning of Islam there was a conflict regarding the meaning of justice.
Sunni Islam does not conceive of the role of imams in the same sense as Shia Islam: an important distinction often overlooked by non-Muslims. In everyday terms, an imam for Sunni Muslims is the person charged with leading formal Islamic prayers ( Fard )—even in locations besides the mosque—whenever prayer is performed in a group of two or more.
The first page of the Book of Lemmas as seen in The Works of Archimedes (1897).. The Book of Lemmas or Book of Assumptions (Arabic Maʾkhūdhāt Mansūba ilā Arshimīdis) is a book attributed to Archimedes by Thābit ibn Qurra, though the authorship of the book is questionable.