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Neither sentinel lymph node biopsy nor other diagnostic tests should be performed to evaluate early, thin melanoma, including melanoma in situ, T1a melanoma or T1b melanoma ≤ 0.5mm. [114] People with these conditions are unlikely to have the cancer spread to their lymph nodes or anywhere else and have a 5-year survival rate of 97%. [114]
B16 melanoma is a murine tumor cell line used for research as a model for human skin cancers. B16 cells are useful models for the study of metastasis and solid tumor formation, and were one of the first effective murine tools for metastasis research. These cells readily metastasize to lymph nodes and lungs.
Immunohistochemistry stain for Melan-A in a poorly differentiated metastatic melanoma to a lymph node, helping in its diagnosis. Protein melan-A also known as melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 or MART-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MLANA or "MALENA" gene. [5]
The following is a list of cancer types. Cancer is a group of diseases that involve abnormal increases in the number of cells , with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. [ 1 ]
Some of the genes affected by cytosine methylation in melanoma formation. INK4A. INK4A, also known as p16, is a tumor suppressor gene and is found to have hypermethylated promoter regions in 10- 20% of melanoma cells and is involved in 40- 87% of gene alterations in melanoma cases (Gonzalgo et al., 1997).
Cancer cells have unique features that make them "immortal" according to some researchers. The enzyme telomerase is used to extend the cancer cell's life span. While the telomeres of most cells shorten after each division, eventually causing the cell to die, telomerase extends the cell's telomeres. This is a major reason that cancer cells can ...
Lentigo maligna is where melanocyte cells have become malignant and grow continuously along the stratum basale of the skin, [1] but have not invaded below the epidermis. [2] Lentigo maligna is not the same as lentigo maligna melanoma, as detailed below. It typically progresses very slowly and can remain in a non-invasive form for years.
GPNMB is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which shows homology to the pmel17 precursor, a melanocyte-specific protein. GPNMB has been reported to be expressed in various cell types, including: melanocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, dendritic cells, and it is overexpressed in various cancer types.