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The Helmholtz energy has a unique value across phase boundaries. [5] For the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of seawater and ice, TEOS-10 uses the specific Gibbs potential g(T,P)=G/m, G=F+pV, because the pressure is a more easily measurable property than density in a geophysical context.
at each geopotential altitude, where g is the standard acceleration of gravity, and R specific is the specific gas constant for dry air (287.0528J⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1). The solution is given by the barometric formula. Air density must be calculated in order to solve for the pressure, and is used in calculating dynamic pressure for moving vehicles.
Typical usages are as a basis for pressure altimeter calibrations, aircraft performance calculations, aircraft and rocket design, ballistic tables, and meteorological diagrams." [1] For example, the U.S. Standard Atmosphere derives the values for air temperature, pressure, and mass density, as a function of altitude above sea level.
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K) specific gas constant for dry air ρa = P_a / (Rs_a * Tair) return ρa end # Wet air density ρ [kg/m3] # Tair air temperature in [Kelvin] # P absolute atmospheric pressure [Pa] function wet_air_density (RH, Tair, P) es = water_vapor_saturated_pressure (Tair, P) e = es * RH / 100 ρv = water_vapor_density (e, Tair) ρa = dry_air_density (P-e ...
New York: The International Nickel Company, Inc., 1941: 16. — "Values ranging from 21.3 to 21.5 gm/cm 3 at 20 °C have been reported for the density of annealed platinum; the best value being about 21.45 gm/cm 3 at 20 °C." 21.46 g/cm 3 — Rose, T. Kirke. The Precious Metals, Comprising Gold, Silver and Platinum. New York: D. Van Nostrand ...
In most other nations, the reference ambient temperature for pollutant limits may be 0 °C or other values. 1 percent by volume = 10,000 ppmv (i.e., parts per million by volume). atm = absolute atmospheric pressure in atmospheres; mol = gram mole
In aerodynamics, the normal shock tables are a series of tabulated data listing the various properties before and after the occurrence of a normal shock wave. [1] With a given upstream Mach number , the post-shock Mach number can be calculated along with the pressure , density , temperature , and stagnation pressure ratios.