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  2. Ethanol-induced non-lamellar phases in phospholipids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol-induced_non...

    The presence of ethanol can lead to the formations of non-lamellar phases also known as non-bilayer phases. Ethanol has been recognized as being an excellent solvent in an aqueous solution for inducing non-lamellar phases in phospholipids. The formation of non-lamellar phases in phospholipids is not completely understood, but it is significant ...

  3. Ethanol fuel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel

    The fraction of water that an ethanol-gasoline fuel can contain without phase separation increases with the percentage of ethanol. [29] For example, E30 can have up to about 2% water. If there is more than about 71% ethanol, the remainder can be any proportion of water or gasoline and phase separation does not occur.

  4. Lipid polymorphism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_polymorphism

    Lipid molecules in the HII phase pack inversely to the packing observed in the hexagonal I phase described above. This phase has the polar head groups on the inside and the hydrophobic, hydrocarbon tails on the outside in solution. The packing ratio for this phase is larger than one, [1] which is synonymous with an inverse cone packing.

  5. Unilamellar liposome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilamellar_liposome

    Unilamellar liposomes are used to study biological systems and to mimic cell membranes, and are classified into three groups based on their size: small unilamellar liposomes/vesicles (SUVs) that with a size range of 20–100 nm, large unilamellar liposomes/vesicles (LUVs) with a size range of 100–1000 nm and giant unilamellar liposomes ...

  6. Microemulsion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microemulsion

    Apparently clear single phase formulations can still consist of multiple iso-tropic phases (e.g. the apparently clear heptane/AOT/water microemulsions consist multiple phases). Since these systems can be in equilibrium with other phases, many systems, especially those with high volume fractions of both the two imiscible phases, can be easily ...

  7. Alcohol fuel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_fuel

    A dish of ethanol aflame. Various alcohols are used as fuel for internal combustion engines.The first four aliphatic alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol) are of interest as fuels because they can be synthesized chemically or biologically, and they have characteristics which allow them to be used in internal combustion engines.

  8. Working fluid selection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluid_selection

    The choice of working fluids is known to have a significant impact on the thermodynamic as well as economic performance of the cycle. A suitable fluid must exhibit favorable physical, chemical, environmental, safety and economic properties such as low specific volume (high density), viscosity, toxicity, flammability, ozone depletion potential (ODP), global warming potential (GWP) and cost, as ...

  9. Lamellar phase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellar_phase

    Under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), after staining with polar headgroup reactive chemical osmium tetroxide, lamellar lipid phase appears as two thin parallel dark staining lines/sheets, constituted by aligned polar headgroups of lipids. 'Sandwiched' between these two parallel lines, there exists one thicker line/sheet of non-staining ...

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