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In 1974, the Department of Pashto was established in the University of Balochistan for the promotion of Pashto. [47] In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language around of 15% of its population (per the 1998 census). [48] However, Urdu and English are the two official languages of Pakistan. Pashto has no official status at the federal level.
Map of Pashto-speaking areas in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pashto is the mother tongue of most Pashtuns. [235] [236] [237] It is one of the two national languages of Afghanistan. [238] [239] In Pakistan, although being the second-largest language being spoken, [240] it is often neglected officially in the education system.
Pashtunistan (Pashto: پښتونستان, lit. 'land of the Pashtuns') [4] or Pakhtunistan is a historical region on the crossroads of Central and South Asia, located on the Iranian Plateau, inhabited by the Pashtun people of southern and eastern Afghanistan [5] and northwestern Pakistan, [6] [7] wherein Pashtun culture, the Pashto language, and identity have been based.
Pashtun diaspora (Pashto: بهر مېشت پښتانه) comprises all ethnic Pashtuns.There are millions of Pashtuns who are living outside of their traditional homeland of Pashtunistan, a historic region that is today situated over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. [12]
The Loralai speak a dialect which is a "soft" Pashto dialect, similar to the Kandahari dialect. The Safi, a few Jaduns, and other minor northern Gharghashti tribes speak the northern or "hard" Pashto variety. The Jaduns, living on the Mahabun mountain slopes around Swabi speak Pashto, while those living in Hazara speak Pashto and Hindko.
Southern Pashto compromises of the South Western and South Eastern dialects. [8] Southern Western Pashto, also called Kandahari Pashto, is the prestige variety of Pashto in southern and western Afghanistan. A similar variety known as South Eastern is spoken in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. [9]
Pashtun culture (Pashto: پښتون کلتور) is based on Pashtunwali, as well as speaking of the Pashto language and wearing Pashtun dress.. Pashtunwali and Islam are the two main factors which make the baseline for the social behavior in Pashtun society. [1]
They speak Pashto as their first language and are divided into multiple tribes such as Afridi, Durrani, Yousafzai and Khattak, which are notably the main Pashtun tribes in Pakistan. They make up an estimated 38 million of Pakistan's total population [18] and are mostly adherent to Sunni Islam.