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Condensation reactions likely played major roles in the synthesis of the first biotic molecules including early peptides and nucleic acids.In fact, condensation reactions would be required at multiple steps in RNA oligomerization: the condensation of nucleobases and sugars, nucleoside phosphorylation, and nucleotide polymerization.
Hydrolysis (/ h aɪ ˈ d r ɒ l ɪ s ɪ s /; from Ancient Greek hydro- 'water' and lysis 'to unbind') is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution , elimination , and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile .
The mechanisms of hydrolysis and condensation, and the factors that bias the structure toward linear or branched structures are the most critical issues of sol–gel science and technology. This reaction is favored in both basic and acidic conditions.
Peptide bond formation via dehydration reaction. When two amino acids form a dipeptide through a peptide bond, [1] it is a type of condensation reaction. [2] In this kind of condensation, two amino acids approach each other, with the non-side chain (C1) carboxylic acid moiety of one coming near the non-side chain (N2) amino moiety of the other.
This reaction sequence is thus a condensation reaction since there is a net loss of HCl when the two reactant molecules join. [7] Arrow-pushing mechanism for the Darzens reaction. If the starting halide is an α-halo amide, the product is an α,β-epoxy amide. [8] If an α-halo ketone is used, the product is an α,β-epoxy ketone. [2]
In 1999 Cédric Boissière and his team developed a two-step process whereby the hydrolysis at low pH (1 – 4) is completed before the condensation reaction is initiated by the addition of sodium fluoride (NaF). [7] The two-step procedure includes the addition of a nonionic surfactant template to ultimately produce mesoporous silica particles. [8]
An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in organic chemistry in which two carbonyl moieties (of aldehydes or ketones) react to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone (an aldol reaction), and this is then followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone. The overall reaction equation is as follows (where the Rs can be H)
It is a modification of the aldol condensation. [1] [2] A Knoevenagel condensation is a nucleophilic addition of an active hydrogen compound to a carbonyl group followed by a dehydration reaction in which a molecule of water is eliminated (hence condensation). The product is often an α,β-unsaturated ketone (a conjugated enone).