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  2. Phenolphthalein - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenolphthalein

    Phenolphthalein's pH sensitivity is exploited in other applications: concrete has naturally high pH due to the calcium hydroxide formed when Portland cement reacts with water. As the concrete reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, pH decreases to 8.5–9. When a 1% phenolphthalein solution is applied to normal concrete, it turns bright pink.

  3. Alkali–silica reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali–silica_reaction

    ASTM C1293: "Test Method for Concrete Aggregates by Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction". It is a long-term confirmation test (1 or 2 years) at 38 °C in a water-saturated moist atmosphere (inside a thermostated oven) with concrete prisms containing the aggregates to be characterised mixed with a high-alkali ...

  4. Concrete degradation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_degradation

    Concrete carbonation can be visually revealed by applying a phenolphthalein solution over the fresh surface of a concrete samples (concrete core, prism, freshly fractured bar). Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator , whose color turns from colorless at pH < 8.5 to pink-fuchsia at pH > 9.5.

  5. Pozzolanic activity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzolanic_activity

    This process is often irreversible. Sufficient amount of free calcium ion and a high pH of 12 and above is needed to initiate and maintain the pozzolanic reaction. [2] This is because at a pH of around 12, the solubility of silicon and aluminium ions is high enough to support the pozzolanic reaction.

  6. Concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete

    Compression testing of a concrete cylinder. The ingredients affect the strengths of the material. Concrete strength values are usually specified as the lower-bound compressive strength of either a cylindrical or cubic specimen as determined by standard test procedures. The strengths of concrete is dictated by its function.

  7. pH indicator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH_indicator

    In and of themselves, pH indicators are usually weak acids or weak bases. The general reaction scheme of acidic pH indicators in aqueous solutions can be formulated as: HInd (aq) + H 2 O (l) ⇌ H 3 O + (aq) + Ind − (aq) where, "HInd" is the acidic form and "Ind −" is the conjugate base of the indicator. Vice versa for basic pH indicators ...

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  9. Sulfate attack in concrete and mortar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfate_attack_in_concrete...

    A fairly well-defined reaction front can often be observed in thin sections; ahead of the front the concrete is normal, or near normal. Behind the reaction front, the composition and the microstructure of concrete are modified. These changes may vary in type or severity but commonly include: Extensive cracking; Expansion

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