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In this example of a simple class representing a student with only the name stored, one can see the variable name is private, i.e. only visible from the Student class, and the "setter" and "getter" is public, namely the getName() and setName('name') methods.
C++ uses the three modifiers called public, protected, and private. [3] C# has the modifiers public, protected,internal, private, protected internal, private protected, and file. [4] Java has public, package, protected, and private; package is the default, used if no other access modifier keyword is specified. The meaning of these modifiers may ...
Methods may also be designed public, private, or intermediate levels such as protected (which allows access from the same class and its subclasses, but not objects of a different class). [44] In other languages (like Python) this is enforced only by convention (for example, private methods may have names that start with an underscore).
Python properties may be used to allow a method to be invoked with the same syntax as accessing an attribute. Whereas Meyer's UAP would have a single notation for both attribute access and method invocation (method invocation syntax), a language with support for properties still supports separate notations for attribute and method access.
Some languages like Smalltalk and Ruby only allow access via object methods, but most others (e.g., C++, C#, Delphi or Java [12]) offer the programmer some control over what is hidden, typically via keywords like public and private. [8]
For example, the Java language does not allow client code that accesses the private data of a class to compile. [12] In the C++ language, private methods are visible, but not accessible in the interface; however, they may be made invisible by explicitly declaring fully abstract classes that represent the interfaces of the class.
In object-oriented programming, a friend function, that is a "friend" of a given class, is a function that is given the same access as methods to private and protected data. [1] A friend function is declared by the class that is granting access, so friend functions are part of the class interface, like methods.
The visibility is optional and, if present, may be either private or public. The default visibility is private. Visibility specifies whether the features of the base class are privately derived or publicly derived. Some languages also support the inheritance of other constructs. For example, in Eiffel, contracts that define the specification of ...