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Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis. Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions. This may be the result of the natural process of old cells dying and being replaced by new ones, as in programmed cell death, or may result from factors such as diseases, localized injury, or the death of the organism of which the cells are part.
Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytes are able to engulf and remove before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage to them. [5] Because apoptosis cannot stop once it has begun, it is a highly regulated process.
[19] [20] One of the damaging results of excess calcium in the cytosol is initiating apoptosis through cleaved caspase processing. [20] Another damaging result of excess calcium in the cytosol is the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, a pore in the membranes of mitochondria that opens when the organelles absorb too much ...
Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors.
The presence or absence of particular apoptotic event(s), including DNA fragmentation, depends on the "time window" at which the kinetic process of apoptosis is being investigated. Often this may complicate identification of apoptotic cells if cell populations are analyzed only at a single time point e.g. after induction of apoptosis.
Programmed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide [1]) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. [2] [3] PCD is carried out in a biological process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's lifecycle.
Firstly, to bring multiple procaspase-9 molecules close together for cleavage. And secondly, to raise the threshold for apoptosis, therefore nonspecific leakage of cytochrome c would not result in apoptosis. [7] Once the apoptosome was established as the procaspase-9 activator, mutations within this pathway became an important research area.
While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always detrimental and can be fatal. [ 3 ] Cellular death due to necrosis does not follow the apoptotic signal transduction pathway, but rather various receptors are activated and result in the loss of cell membrane integrity [ 4 ] and an uncontrolled release ...
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