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The engine had BMW double VANOS system and a compression ratio of 11.5:1. The torque generated by the engine amounted to 355 N⋅m (262 lb⋅ft) at 4,500 rpm. The torque was available from 2,500 rpm. The Z4 M uses hydraulic power steering, unlike the electric power steering used by the rest of the Z4 range. [42]
The 85% fraction is commonly sold at pumps worldwide (outside the US), and when specifically supplied or sold as E85 is always 85% ethanol (at pumps or in barrel). Having a guaranteed ethanol fraction obviates the need for a vehicle system to calculate best engine tune accordingly to maximise performance and economy.
The improvement consists of using dual-fuel direct-injection of pure alcohol (or the azeotrope or E85) and gasoline, in any ratio up to 100% of either, in a turbocharged, high compression-ratio, small-displacement engine having performance similar to an engine having twice the displacement.
In a preliminary report released in October 2008, NREL described the effects of E10, E15 and E20 on tailpipe and evaporative emissions, catalyst and engine durability, vehicle driveability, engine operability, and vehicle and engine materials. [66] [67] This preliminary report found that none of the vehicles displayed a malfunction indicator ...
The engine was capable of running on gasoline or ethanol, or a mix of both. The 1996 Ford Taurus was the first flexible-fuel vehicle produced with versions capable of running with either ethanol (E85) or methanol (M85) blended with gasoline. The first commercial flexible fuel vehicle was the Ford Model T, produced from 1908 through 1927.
The Pentastar engine was introduced at the 2009 New York Auto Show. [2] [3] The engine design allows the use of E85 or 87 octane fuel and features dual variable valve timing. Forced induction, and cylinder deactivation options were engineered into the engine design, but have not been implemented from the factory, remaining "on the shelf" as of ...
The V8 models were the first to use the then-new BMW N62 V8 engine, which was the world's first engine to use a continuously variable-length intake manifold. [25] It was also BMW's first V8 engine to use variable valve lift ( Valvetronic ), [ 26 ] [ 27 ] replacing throttle butterflies for added response, efficiency and power. [ 28 ]
Information was compiled from 50 year old NACA studies on aircraft engine performance, public domain common knowledge in the automotive performance community regarding fuel air mixtures and their behavior, and mentions of actual fuel air mixtures used with E85 in various studies by universities, and the EPA to mention a few.
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