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Evaporation under reduced pressure allows it to be concentrated further to about 40%, but then it decomposes to perchloric acid, chlorine, oxygen, water, and chlorine dioxide. Its most important salt is sodium chlorate, mostly used to make chlorine dioxide to bleach paper pulp. The decomposition of chlorate to chloride and oxygen is a common ...
Disinfection by chlorination can be problematic in some circumstances. Chlorine can react with naturally occurring organic compounds found in the water supply to produce compounds known as disinfection by-products (DBPs). The most common DBPs are trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Trihalomethanes are the primary disinfection by ...
Chlorine (17 Cl) has 25 isotopes, ranging from 28 Cl to 52 Cl, and two isomers, 34m Cl and 38m Cl. There are two stable isotopes, 35 Cl (75.8%) and 37 Cl (24.2%), giving chlorine a standard atomic weight of 35.45. The longest-lived radioactive isotope is 36 Cl, which has a half-life of 301,000 years. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 ...
Estimates are also made of natural chlorine contents in Earth's reservoirs and the form they are stored in. [1] [2] [3] The mantle constitutes the largest reservoir of chlorine at 22 x 10 12 teragrams. [2] Chlorine is cycled through the pedosphere via biotic and abiotic processes that lead to this reservoir acting as a sink. [1] [3] [4] [5]
Chlorine has two stable and naturally occurring isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. However, there are trace amounts in nature of the isotope chlorine-36, which occurs via spallation of argon-36. A total of 24 isotopes of chlorine have been discovered, with atomic masses ranging from 28 to 51. [7]
Nearly all other naturally occurring elements occur in the Earth as compounds or mixtures. Air is mostly a mixture of molecular nitrogen and oxygen , though it does contain compounds including carbon dioxide and water , as well as atomic argon , a noble gas which is chemically inert and therefore does not undergo chemical reactions.
Fresh water can easily become polluted by human activities or due to naturally occurring processes, such as erosion. Fresh water makes up less than 3% of the world's water resources, and just 1% of that is readily available. About 70% of the world's freshwater reserves are frozen in Antarctica. Just 3% of it is extracted for human consumption.
Brackish water – Water with salinity between freshwater and seawater; Fresh water – Naturally occurring water with low amounts of dissolved salts; Ocean color – Explanation of the color of oceans and ocean color remote sensing; Saline water – Water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts