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Financial correlations measure the relationship between the changes of two or more financial variables over time. For example, the prices of equity stocks and fixed interest bonds often move in opposite directions: when investors sell stocks, they often use the proceeds to buy bonds and vice versa.
Merton's portfolio problem is a problem in continuous-time finance and in particular intertemporal portfolio choice.An investor must choose how much to consume and must allocate their wealth between stocks and a risk-free asset so as to maximize expected utility.
The Merton model, [1] developed by Robert C. Merton in 1974, is a widely used "structural" credit risk model. Analysts and investors utilize the Merton model to understand how capable a company is at meeting financial obligations, servicing its debt, and weighing the general possibility that it will go into credit default.
In finance, the Heston model, named after Steven L. Heston, is a mathematical model that describes the evolution of the volatility of an underlying asset. [1] It is a stochastic volatility model: such a model assumes that the volatility of the asset is not constant, nor even deterministic, but follows a random process.
where α i is called the asset's alpha, β i is the asset's beta coefficient and SCL is the security characteristic line. Once an asset's expected return, (), is calculated using CAPM, the future cash flows of the asset can be discounted to their present value using this rate to establish the correct price for the asset. A riskier stock will ...
The strike price X basket is usually set at the current value of the basket (at-the-money), and the payoff profile will be max(S basket − X basket, 0) where S basket is a weighted average of n asset prices at maturity, and each weight represents the percentage of total investment in that asset.
The bias ratio is an indicator used in finance to analyze the returns of investment portfolios, and in performing due diligence.. The bias ratio is a concrete metric that detects valuation bias or deliberate price manipulation of portfolio assets by a manager of a hedge fund, mutual fund or similar investment vehicle, without requiring disclosure (transparency) of the actual holdings.
The complexity and scale of optimizing portfolios over many assets means that the work is generally done by computer. Central to this optimization is the construction of the covariance matrix for the rates of return on the assets in the portfolio. Techniques include: Linear programming [8] [9] Quadratic programming; Nonlinear programming