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Arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain. Veins carry "used or spent" blood back to the heart, to remove carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic products. The neurovascular unit regulates cerebral blood flow so that activated neurons can be supplied with energy in the right amount and at the right ...
Studies in 1985 indicated that cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid may flow along specific anatomical pathways within the brain, with CSF moving into the brain along the outside of blood vessels; such 'paravascular channels' were possibly analogous to peripheral lymph vessels, facilitating the clearance of interstitial wastes from the brain.
Various cell types play a role in HR, including astrocytes, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells of blood vessels, and pericytes. These cells control whether the vessels are constricted or dilated, which dictates the amount of oxygen and glucose that is able to reach the neuronal tissue. Brain blood vasculature as a function of blood flow.
Because blood vessels are not rigid tubes, classic hydrodynamics and fluids mechanics based on the use of classical viscometers are not capable of explaining haemodynamics. [2] The study of the blood flow is called hemodynamics, and the study of the properties of the blood flow is called hemorheology.
To summarize, red blood cells carry oxygen less well, there are fewer blood vessels, and older brain cells need more oxygen. These changes all work together to make the brain much more susceptible ...
Brain cells make up the functional tissue of the brain. The rest of the brain tissue is the structural stroma that includes connective tissue such as the meninges, blood vessels, and ducts. The two main types of cells in the brain are neurons, also known as nerve cells, and glial cells, also known as neuroglia. [1]
The endothelial cells in the cerebral blood vessel walls are joined tightly to one another, forming the blood–brain barrier, which blocks the passage of many toxins and pathogens [35] (though at the same time blocking antibodies and some drugs, thereby presenting special challenges in treatment of diseases of the brain). [36]
The pia mater is a thin fibrous tissue that is permeable to water and small solutes. [2] [3] The pia mater allows blood vessels to pass through and nourish the brain. The perivascular space between blood vessels and pia mater is proposed to be part of a pseudolymphatic system for the brain (glymphatic system).