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It has very low affinity for human serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), about 10% of that of testosterone and 2% of that of DHT. [25] The drug is metabolized in the liver by 6β- hydroxylation , 3α- and 3β- oxidation , 5β-reduction , 17- epimerization , and conjugation among other reactions . [ 24 ]
Metenolone esters are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). [6] [8] They have moderate anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects, as well as no estrogenic effects or risk of liver damage.
These tests can also be done post-mortem during an autopsy in cases where a death was not expected. The test is usually done within 96 hours (4 days) after the desire for the test is realized. Both a urine sample and a blood sample may be tested. [56] A blood sample is routinely used to detect ethanol/methanol and ASA/paracetamol intoxication.
This results in it being transformed less in so-called "androgenic" tissues like the skin, hair follicles, and prostate gland and in the kidneys, respectively. [35] Metabolites of nandrolone include 5α-dihydronandrolone , 19-norandrosterone , and 19-noretiocholanolone , and these metabolites may be detected in urine .
With immunoassay-based techniques, testosterone levels in premenopausal women have been found to be about 40 ng/dL (1.4 nmol/L) and DHT levels about 10 ng/dL (0.34 nmol/L). [5] [74] With radioimmunoassays, the ranges for testosterone and DHT levels in women have been found to be 20 to 70 ng/dL and 5 to 30 ng/dL, respectively. [74]
[106] [107] [108] A short (1–2 months) use of androgenic-anabolic steroids by men followed by a course of testosterone-boosting therapy (e.g. clomifene and human chorionic gonadotropin) usually results in return to normal testosterone production.
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Clotting time is a general term for the time required for a sample of blood to form a clot, or, in medical terms, coagulate.The term "clotting time" is often used when referring to tests such as the prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT or PTT), activated clotting time (ACT), thrombin time (TT), or Reptilase time.