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In logic and mathematics, necessity and sufficiency are terms used to describe a conditional or implicational relationship between two statements. For example, in the conditional statement : "If P then Q ", Q is necessary for P , because the truth of Q is guaranteed by the truth of P .
In propositional logic, affirming the consequent (also known as converse error, fallacy of the converse, or confusion of necessity and sufficiency) is a formal fallacy (or an invalid form of argument) that is committed when, in the context of an indicative conditional statement, it is stated that because the consequent is true, therefore the ...
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Logical consequence (also entailment or implication) is a fundamental concept in logic which describes the relationship between statements that hold true when one statement logically follows from one or more statements.
Forcing (mathematics) Boolean-valued model; Kripke semantics. General frame; Predicate logic. First-order logic. Infinitary logic; Many-sorted logic; Higher-order logic. Lindström quantifier; Second-order logic; Soundness theorem; Gödel's completeness theorem. Original proof of Gödel's completeness theorem; Compactness theorem; Löwenheim ...
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Possibility theory is a mathematical theory for dealing with certain types of uncertainty and is an alternative to probability theory.It uses measures of possibility and necessity between 0 and 1, ranging from impossible to possible and unnecessary to necessary, respectively.
Rules of inference are syntactical transform rules which one can use to infer a conclusion from a premise to create an argument. A set of rules can be used to infer any valid conclusion if it is complete, while never inferring an invalid conclusion, if it is sound.