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The book describes methods of doing calculations without aid of an abacus, and as Ore (1948) confirms, for centuries after its publication the algorismists (followers of the style of calculation demonstrated in Liber Abaci) remained in conflict with the abacists (traditionalists who continued to use the abacus in conjunction with Roman numerals).
The abacus system of mental calculation is a system where users mentally visualize an abacus to carry out arithmetical calculations. [1] No physical abacus is used; only the answers are written down. Calculations can be made at great speed in this way.
An abacus (pl. abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1] An abacus consists of a two-dimensional array of slidable beads (or similar objects). In their ...
Abaqus FEA [4] [5] (formerly ABAQUS) is a software suite for finite element analysis and computer-aided engineering, originally released in 1978.The name and logo of this software are based on the abacus calculation tool. [6]
A suanpan (top) and a soroban (bottom). The two abaci seen here are of standard size and have thirteen rods each. Another variant of soroban. The soroban is composed of an odd number of columns or rods, each having beads: one separate bead having a value of five, called go-dama (五玉, ごだま, "five-bead") and four beads each having a value of one, called ichi-dama (一玉, いちだま ...
An exception to this is the abacus [4] [3] counter machine models—every instruction has at least one "next" instruction identifier "z", and the conditional branch has two. Observe also that the abacus model combines two instructions, JZ then DEC: e.g. { INC ( r, z ), JZDEC ( r, z true, z false) }.
Allowing the "exploding head" case gives yet another solution of the puzzle and introduces the possibility of solving the puzzle (modified and original) in just two questions rather than three. In support of a two-question solution to the puzzle, the authors solve a similar simpler puzzle using just two questions.
A spiral puzzle is a word puzzle in the form of a spiral. The puzzle is formed of a long chain of letters, which spell out a list of clued words when read in either direction. [1] The solutions to the left are entered in the boxes from 1 to 100. The responses to the right provide another set of words that must be entered from 100 to 1. [2]