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[13] The term "tokamak" was coined in 1957 [14] by Igor Golovin, a student of academician Igor Kurchatov.It originally sounded like "tokamag" ("токамаг") — an acronym of the words "toroidal chamber magnetic" ("тороидальная камера магнитная"), but Natan Yavlinsky, the author of the first toroidal system, proposed replacing "-mag" with "-mak" for euphony. [15]
By that time, TFR was the most powerful tokamak in the world, reaching ion temperatures of 1 keV and a Lawson criterion figure of 2.5 ⨉ 10 12 /cm³s. [8] Even with the larger power supplies, the system was not able to heat the plasma to fusion temperatures.
SPARC plans to verify the technology and physics required to build a power plant based on the ARC fusion power plant concept. [1] SPARC is designed to achieve this with margin in excess of breakeven and may be capable of achieving up to 140 MW of fusion power for 10 second bursts despite its relatively compact size. [2] [1]
For commercial fusion power stations, engineering gain factor is important. Engineering gain factor is defined as the ratio of a plant electrical power output to electrical power input of all plant's internal systems (tokamak external heating systems, electromagnets, cryogenics plant, diagnostics and control systems, etc.). [50]
After a major upgrade to install tungsten walls and a divertor, the tokamak was renamed WEST. WEST is situated at the nuclear research center of Cadarache, Bouches-du-Rhône in Provence, one of the sites of the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique. Tore Supra operated between 1988 and 2010. Its goal was to create long-duration plasmas.
The program is focusing on R&D for pursuing steady-state advanced tokamak operation and supporting design and operation of the ITER experiment now under construction in France. ITER is designed to demonstrate a self-sustained burning plasma that will produce 10 times as much energy from fusion reactions as it requires for heating.
CCFE has a broad ranging programme of activities encompassing tokamak plasma physics, technology developments for the DEMO prototype fusion power plant, the development of materials suitable for a fusion environment, engineering activities, the training of students, graduates and apprentices, and public and industry outreach activities.
As of 2023 the device is known as JT-60SA and is the largest operational superconducting tokamak in the world, [1] built and operated jointly by the European Union and Japan in Naka, Ibaraki Prefecture. [2] [3] SA stands for super advanced tokamak, including a D-shaped plasma cross-section, superconducting coils, and active feedback control.