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Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Paulus (23 September 1890 – 1 February 1957) was a German Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) during World War II who is best known for his surrender of the German 6th Army during the Battle of Stalingrad (July 1942 to February 1943).
Color symbolism in art, literature, and anthropology is the use of color as a symbol in various cultures and in storytelling. There is great diversity in the use of colors and their associations between cultures [ 1 ] and even within the same culture in different time periods. [ 2 ]
German casualties were 147,200 killed and wounded and over 91,000 captured, the latter including Field Marshal Paulus, 24 generals and 2,500 officers of lesser rank. [21] Only 5,000 would survive Soviet internment and return to Germany after the war.
Striking the colors—meaning lowering the flag (the "colors") that signifies a ship's or garrison's allegiance—is a universally recognized indication of surrender, particularly for ships at sea. For a ship, surrender is dated from the time the ensign is struck.
Paulus requested permission to surrender, but Hitler rejected Paulus' request out of hand. Accordingly, Paulus did not respond. [173] [174] The German High Command informed Paulus, "Every day that the army holds out longer helps the whole front and draws away the Russian divisions from it." [175]
to Friedrich Paulus at the Battle of Stalingrad (1942–3). The 32nd Armor Regiment of the United States Army has the motto "Victory or Death" . The 1960 film G.I. Blues features the regimental emblem as Elvis Presley had served with them in 1958–60. The 1986 film Ferris Bueller's Day Off features a black beret bearing the regiment's emblem.
Prussian marshal's baton, awarded to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1895.. Generalfeldmarschall (German: [ɡenəʁaːlˈfɛltmaʁʃal] ⓘ; from Old High German marahscalc, "marshal, stable master, groom"; English: general field marshal, field marshal general, or field marshal; often abbreviated to Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire ...
Paulus refused to participate directly. In Soviet captivity, Paulus denied having surrendered, claiming to have been taken by surprise. He refused to issue an order to the remaining Germans in the southern pocket to surrender. He also denied having the authority to issue an order for the northern pocket to surrender. [14]