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Phakopsora pachyrhizi is an obligate biotrophic pathogen that causes Asian soybean rust. Phakopsora pachyrhizi is able to affect up to 31 different plant species that belong to 17 different genera under natural conditions. Experiments in laboratories were able to use P. pachyrhizi to infect 60 more plant species.
Soybean rust is a disease that affects soybeans and other legumes. It is caused by two types of fungi, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, commonly known as Asian soybean rust, and Phakopsora meibomiae, commonly known as New World soybean rust. P. meibomiae is the weaker pathogen of the two and generally does not cause widespread problems.
Fungal diseases; Alternaria leaf spot Alternaria spp. [citation needed] Anthracnose Colletotrichum truncatum Colletotrichum dematium f. truncatum Glomerella glycines Colletotrichum destructivum [anamorph] Black leaf blight Arkoola nigra. Black root rot Thielaviopsis basicola Chalara elegans [synanamorph] Brown spot Septoria glycines
Cercospora kikuchii is a fungal plant pathogen that affects soybeans. [1] It results in both the Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain diseases on soybean and is found almost worldwide. C. kikuchii produces the toxin cercosporin, as do a number of other Cercospora species.
Symptoms appear as dark red to black lesions on the lower surface of the leaves. They appear as sunken lesions surrounded by a raised brown-black border on the pods, petioles and stems. Very small black fruiting bodies of the fungus are usually visible in older lesions. [3] Other symptoms include shedding of leaves, flower and pod abortion. [3]
This fungus species has undergone various name changes. Originally described in 1957, from soyabean leaf lesions and it was classified as a new species in the genus Pyrenochaeta , published as Pyrenochaeta glycines R.B. Stewart , due to the pycnidial stage (when shaped like a bulging vase) (Stewart, 1957). [ 6 ]
This fungus infects over 530 species of plants [1] in 53 families. [2] In the tropics and subtropics, it is most common. [1] It has also been isolated from nematodes and from human skin. [1] The fungus is known as a pathogen of many agricultural crop plants, especially cowpea, cucumber, papaya, rubber, soybean, and tomato.
The fungus has more of a damaging impact when infection occurs before or at flowering (Lin and Kelly, 2018 [2]). Fungal infection occurs with direct contact from an already infected soybean pod but the fungus can also spread from seed to seed during plant growth. [2]