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Phakopsora pachyrhizi is an obligate biotrophic pathogen that causes Asian soybean rust. Phakopsora pachyrhizi is able to affect up to 31 different plant species that belong to 17 different genera under natural conditions. Experiments in laboratories were able to use P. pachyrhizi to infect 60 more plant species.
Soybean rust is a disease that affects soybeans and other legumes. It is caused by two types of fungi, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, commonly known as Asian soybean rust, and Phakopsora meibomiae, commonly known as New World soybean rust. P. meibomiae is the weaker pathogen of the two and generally does not cause widespread problems.
Aspergillus sojae is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. In Japan, it is used to make the ferment of soy sauce, miso, mirin, and other lacto-fermented condiments such as tsukemono. Soy sauce condiment is produced by fermenting soybeans with A. sojae, [1] along with water and salt.
Three varieties of kōji mold are used for making shōchū, each with distinct characteristics. [16] [17] [18]Genichirō Kawachi (1883 -1948), who is said to be the father of modern shōchū and Tamaki Inui (1873 -1946), a lecturer at University of Tokyo succeeded in the first isolation and culturing of aspergillus species such as A. kawachii, A. awamori, and a variety of subtaxa of A. oryzae ...
Seed: The disease on the host soybean itself can be determined by a light activated red perlene quinon, cercosporin, with a molecular weight of 534. In being exposed to light, cercosporin causes oxidative damage to the hosts cells membranes, lipids, and proteins, resulting in cell death (Newman 2016).
Since 2000, the fungus has been present in the northern and southern U.S. states as well as 27 other countries spanning North and South America, Europe Africa and Asia (Lin and Kelly 2018 [2]). The fungus is very prevalent in the southern U.S., but in previous years it has spread to northern soybean fields (Smith, 2020 [8]).
Phytophthora sojae is an oomycete and a soil-borne plant pathogen that causes stem and root rot of soybean. This is a prevalent disease in most soybean growing regions, and a major cause of crop loss. [1] In wet conditions the pathogen produces zoospores that move in water and are attracted to soybean roots. Zoospores can attach to roots ...
Soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. Spiral nematode Helicotylenchus spp. Sting nematode Belonolainus gracilis Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Stubby root nematode Paratrichodorus minor. Stunt nematode Quinisulcius acutus Tylenchorhynchus spp.