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The host-pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes or viruses sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal or population level. This term is most commonly used to refer to disease-causing microorganisms although they may not cause illness in all hosts. [1]
The Pathogen-Host Interactions database (PHI-base) [1] is a biological database that contains manually curated information on genes experimentally proven to affect the outcome of pathogen-host interactions. The database has been maintained by researchers at Rothamsted Research and external collaborators since 2005.
Clayton Oscar Person [6] was the first scientist to study plant pathosystem ratios rather than genetics ratios in host-parasite systems. In doing so, he discovered the differential interaction that is common to all gene-for-gene relationships and that is now known as the Person differential interaction. [5]
This interaction is a large part of host-pathogen co-evolution, so understanding gene-for-gene is important to understand co-evolution in general. According to Dodds and Rathjen, co-evolution by gene-for-gene interactions strengthens the plant immune system. [ 12 ]
The black rat is a reservoir host for bubonic plague.The rat fleas that infest the rats are vectors for the disease.. In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; [1] whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest ().
Host–parasite coevolution is a special case of coevolution, where a host and a parasite continually adapt to each other. This can create an evolutionary arms race between them. A more benign possibility is of an evolutionary trade-off between transmission and virulence in the parasite, as if it kills its host too quickly, the parasite will ...
Even though, most classes of human pathogens are covered by CLRs, CLRs are a major receptor for recognition of fungi: [15] [16] nonetheless, other PAMPs have been identified in studies as targets of CLRs as well e.g. mannose is the recognition motif for many viruses, fungi and mycobacteria; similarly fucose presents the same for certain ...
For infections to occur, the virus has to hijack host factors and evade the host immune response for efficient replication. Viral replication frequently requires complex interactions between the virus and host factors that may result in deleterious effects in the host, which confers the virus its pathogenicity. [5]