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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. [1] FSH is synthesized and secreted by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland [ 2 ] and regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation , and reproductive processes of the body.
In domestic dogs, sexual maturity occurs between the ages of 6 and 12 months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds. [2] Pregnancy is possible as soon as the first estrus cycle , but breeding is not recommended prior to the second cycle. [ 3 ]
The endocrine function of gonadotrophs is derived from the effect of gonadotropins on the reproductive system. The gonadotropins produced by gonadotropic cells are FSH and LH, which are dimeric pituitary glycoprotein hormones with a common alpha subunit and distinct beta subunit that confers biological activity of the hormones.
Failure or loss of the gonads usually results in elevated levels of LH and FSH in the blood. [10] [11] LH insensitivity, which results in Leydig cell hypoplasia in males, and FSH insensitivity, are conditions of insensitivity to LH and FSH, respectively, caused by loss-of-function mutations in their respective
Primordial follicle initiation and development varies by species; in the canine primordial follicle formation occurs 17–54 days post birth. At 17 days, primordial follicles, each of consists of a small oocyte (with no zona pellucida) and a single layer of flattened pre-granulosa cells, can first be observed in the cortical layer of the ovary.
FSH, luteinizing hormone. thyroid-stimulating hormone, and hCG are all known to affect Sertoli cell development and male reproductive health. FSH is required for Sertoli cell mitogen, which stimulates the expression of various cell markers. [7]
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In males over 18 years of age, reference ranges have been estimated to be 1.8–8.6 IU/L. [28] LH is measured in international units (IU). When quantifying the amount of LH in a sample in IUs, it is important to know which international standard your lot of LH was calibrated against since they can vary broadly from year to year.