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  2. Electron counting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_counting

    In chemistry, electron counting is a formalism for assigning a number of valence electrons to individual atoms in a molecule. It is used for classifying compounds and for explaining or predicting their electronic structure and bonding . [ 1 ]

  3. Lewis structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure

    Nitrogen is the least electronegative atom of the two, so it is the central atom by multiple criteria. Count valence electrons. Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons; each oxygen has 6, for a total of (6 × 2) + 5 = 17. The ion has a charge of −1, which indicates an extra electron, so the total number of electrons is 18. Connect the atoms by ...

  4. Electron configurations of the elements (data page) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configurations_of...

    The valence electrons (here 3s 2 3p 3) are written explicitly for all atoms. Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium (element 108) have never been measured; predictions are used below. As an approximate rule, electron configurations are given by the Aufbau principle and the Madelung rule.

  5. Valence electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_electron

    Similar to a core electron, a valence electron has the ability to absorb or release energy in the form of a photon. An energy gain can trigger the electron to move (jump) to an outer shell; this is known as atomic excitation. Or the electron can even break free from its associated atom's shell; this is ionization to form a positive ion. When an ...

  6. Carbon–nitrogen bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon–nitrogen_bond

    A carbon–nitrogen bond is a covalent bond between carbon and nitrogen and is one of the most abundant bonds in organic chemistry and biochemistry. [ 1 ] Nitrogen has five valence electrons and in simple amines it is trivalent , with the two remaining electrons forming a lone pair .

  7. Valence (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)

    The valence is the combining capacity of an atom of a given element, determined by the number of hydrogen atoms that it combines with. In methane, carbon has a valence of 4; in ammonia, nitrogen has a valence of 3; in water, oxygen has a valence of 2; and in hydrogen chloride, chlorine has a valence of 1. Chlorine, as it has a valence of one ...

  8. Lone pair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_pair

    Thus, the number of electrons in lone pairs plus the number of electrons in bonds equals the number of valence electrons around an atom. Lone pair is a concept used in valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) which explains the shapes of molecules. They are also referred to in the chemistry of Lewis acids and bases. However ...

  9. Formal charge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_charge

    Count up the number of electrons in the atom's "circle." Since the circle cuts the covalent bond "in half," each covalent bond counts as one electron instead of two. Subtract the number of electrons in the circle from the number of valence electrons of the neutral atom in isolation (in its ground state) to determine the formal charge.