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Examples of periosteal reactive bone in selected specimens of Triceratops. A periosteal reaction can result from a large number of causes, including injury and chronic irritation due to a medical condition such as hypertrophic osteopathy, bone healing in response to fracture, chronic stress injuries, subperiosteal hematomas, osteomyelitis, and cancer of the bone.
It is called onion skin periosteal reaction because it resembles the layers of an onion. These layers are formed due to any pathological process that leads to the variable, excessive growth of the bone. [1] Onion skin periosteal reaction is seen in osteosarcoma, [2] Ewing sarcoma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. [3]
Acute periostitis is due to infection, characterized by diffuse formation of pus, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis.It can be caused by excessive physical activity as well, as in the case of medial tibial stress syndrome (also referred to as tibial periostalgia, soleus periostalgia, or shin splints).
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is a medical condition combining clubbing and periostitis of the small hand joints, especially the distal interphalangeal joints and the metacarpophalangeal joints.
A number of diseases can cause bone pain, including the following: Endocrine, such as hyperparathyroidism, osteoporosis, kidney failure. [7]Gastrointestinal or systemic, such as celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (both often occur without obvious digestive symptoms), inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis).
The advancing tumour displaces the periosteum away from the bone medulla. The displaced and now lateral periosteum attempts to regenerate underlying bone. This describes a periosteal reaction. [citation needed] The main causes for this sign are osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, eumycetoma, and a subperiosteal abscess. [3] [4]
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) is the active form of vitamin D 3. [10] It has numerous functions involved in blood calcium levels. Recent research indicates that calcitriol leads to a reduction in osteoclast formation, and bone resorption.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome, a complication of cirrhosis [10] Others: Graves' disease (autoimmune hyperthyroidism) – in this case it is known as thyroid acropachy [11] Familial and hereditary clubbing and "pseudoclubbing" (people of African descent often have what appears to be clubbing)