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[55] [32] H. pylori-induced gastric cancer is the third highest cause of worldwide cancer mortality as of 2018. [56] Because of the usual lack of symptoms, when gastric cancer is finally diagnosed it is often fairly advanced.
The mechanism by which H. pylori causes cancer may involve chronic inflammation, or the direct action of some of its virulence factors, for example, CagA has been implicated in carcinogenesis. [7] Another bacteria that is in this genus is Helicobacter hepaticus, which causes hepatitis and liver cancer in mice. [8]
[40] [9] Due to the prevalence of infection by H. pylori in middle-aged adults (74% in developing countries and 58% in developed countries in 2002 [41]), and 1% to 3% likelihood of infected individuals developing gastric cancer, [42] H. pylori-induced gastric cancer is the third highest cause of worldwide cancer mortality as of 2018. [43]
The cancer may spread from the stomach to other parts of the body, particularly the liver, lungs, bones, lining of the abdomen, and lymph nodes. [11] The bacterium Helicobacter pylori accounts for more than 60% of cases of stomach cancer. [2] [3] [12] Certain strains of H. pylori have greater risks than others. [2]
First report of resistance of H. pylori to the antibiotic metronidazole. [52] Resistance of H. pylori to treatment will lead to the development of many different antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor regimens for eradication. [53] 1992 Fukuda et al. prove ingestion of H. pylori causes gastritis in rhesus monkeys. [4]
In 1982, they performed the initial culture of H. pylori and developed their hypothesis on the bacterial cause of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. [9] It has been claimed that the H. pylori theory was ridiculed by established scientists and doctors, who did not believe that any bacteria could live in the acidic environment of the stomach ...
Helicobacter heilmannii s.s. (H. heilmannii s.s.) is a species within the Helicobacter genus of Gram negative bacteria. [1] Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is by far the best known Helicobacter species primarily because humans infected with it may develop gastrointestinal tract diseases such as stomach inflammation, stomach ulcers, duodenal ulcers, stomach cancers of the non-lymphoma type, and ...
The mechanism by which H. pylori causes cancer may involve chronic inflammation or the direct action of some of the bacteria's virulence factors. [67] Parasitic infections strongly associated with cancer include Schistosoma haematobium ( squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder ) and the liver flukes , Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis ...