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Volume to mass conversions for some common cooking ingredients; ingredient density g/mL [note 5] metric cup 250 mL imperial cup ≈284 mL U.S. customary cup ≈237 mL [note 6] g oz g oz g oz water [note 7] 1 [note 8] 249–250 8.8 283–284 10 236–237 8.3 [note 9] granulated sugar 0.8 [20] 200 7.0 230 8.0 190 6.7 wheat flour 0.5–0.6 [20 ...
1 ⁄ 16 cup 1 ⁄ 2: 14.7868 2 tablespoons = 1 fluid ounce fluid ounce: fl.oz. or oz. 1 ⁄ 8 cup 1 29.5735 2 fluid ounce = 1 wineglass wineglass‡ wgf. 1 ⁄ 4 cup 2 59.1471 2 wineglasses = 1 teacup gill‡ or teacup‡ tcf. 1 ⁄ 2 cup 4 118.294 2 teacups = 1 cup cup: C 1 ⁄ 2 pint 8 236.588 2 cups = 1 pint pint: pt. 1 ⁄ 2 qt 16 473.176 ...
Fat (as lard, shortening, butter or traditional margarine) is rubbed into plain flour to create a loose mixture that is then bound using a small amount of ice water, rolled out, then shaped and placed to create the top or bottom of a pie. Often, equal amounts of butter and lard are used to make the pastry, ensuring that the combined weight of ...
Because of the relatively large fat crystals in lard, it is extremely effective as a shortening in baking. Pie crusts made with lard tend to be flakier than those made with butter. Many cooks employ both types of fat in their pastries to combine the shortening properties of lard with the flavor of butter. [6] [44] [45]
Shortening is any fat that is a solid at room temperature and is used to make crumbly pastry and other food products. The idea of shortening dates back to at least the 18th century, well before the invention of modern, shelf-stable vegetable shortening. [1] In the earlier centuries, lard was the primary ingredient used to shorten dough. [2]
Butter remains a firm solid when refrigerated but softens to a spreadable consistency at room temperature and melts to a thin liquid consistency at 32 to 35 °C (90 to 95 °F). The density of butter is 911 g/L (15 + 1 ⁄ 4 oz/US pt). [3] It generally has a pale yellow color but varies from deep yellow to nearly white.
Pour batters, such as pancake batter, have a liquid-to-dry-ratio of about 1:1 and so pours in a steady stream. Also called a "low-ratio" baked good. Drop batters, such as cornbread and muffin batters, have a liquid-to-dry ratio of about 1:2. Soft doughs, such as many chocolate chip cookie doughs, have a liquid-to-dry ratio of about 1:3. Soft ...
The production of ghee differs slightly from that of clarified butter. The process of creating clarified butter is complete once the water is evaporated and the fat (clarified butter) is separated from the milk solids. However, the production of ghee includes simmering the butter, which makes it nutty-tasting and aromatic. [14] [15] [16] [17]