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  2. Luis de Mena - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_de_Mena

    Luis de Mena was a Mexican artist who lived and worked predominantly in the middle of the eighteenth century. Mena painted religious works and has been described as "no more than a journeyman painter in 18th century Mexico." [1] [2] He signed a work entitled "Most Holy Mother of Light", now on display in the Serra Museum in San Diego ...

  3. Casta - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta

    Luis de Mena, Virgin of Guadalupe and castas, 1750. Museo de América, Madrid Casta painting showing 16 hierarchically arranged, mixed-race groupings, with indios mecos set outside of the orderly set of "civilized" society. Ignacio Maria Barreda, 1777. Real Academia Española de la Lengua, Madrid Spanish father and Albina mother, Torna atrás.

  4. Torna atrás - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torna_atrás

    Spanish father and Albina mother, torna atrás child.Miguel Cabrera, 1763 Mexico. Torna atrás (Spanish pronunciation: [toɾnaˈtɾas]) or tornatrás is a term used in 18th century Casta paintings to portray a mestizo or mixed-race person who showed phenotypic characteristics of only one of the "original races", such as European or Amerindian ancestry. [1]

  5. Ignacio Maria Barreda - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Maria_Barreda

    Toussaint believed he might be the official painter for the Seminario de San Camila, [1] His 1777 single-canvas casta painting is an exemplar of this eighteenth-century genre of secular art. [2] It is similar in some ways to the 1750 single-canvas painting by Luis de Mena , which also includes outdoor scenes near Mexico City, particularly the ...

  6. José Rizal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Rizal

    In 1901, the American Governor General William Howard Taft suggested that the U.S.-sponsored Philippine Commission name Rizal a national hero for Filipinos. Jose Rizal was an ideal candidate, favourable to the American occupiers since he was dead, and non-violent, a favourable quality which, if emulated by Filipinos, would not threaten the ...

  7. María Clara - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/María_Clara

    María Clara de los Santos is a fictional character in José Rizal's novel Noli Me Tángere (1887). The beautiful María Clara is the childhood sweetheart and fiancée of the protagonist, Crisóstomo Ibarra , who returns to his Filipino hometown of San Diego to marry her.

  8. A la juventud filipina - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_la_juventud_filipina

    In this poem, it is the Filipino youth who are the protagonists, whose "prodigious genius" making use of that education to build the future, was the "bella esperanza de la patria mía" (beautiful hope of the motherland). Spain, with "pious and wise hand" offered a "crown's resplendent band, offers to the sons of this Indian land."

  9. Bayaning 3rd World - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayaning_3rd_World

    Bayaning 3rd World (English: 3rd World Hero) is a 2000 Filipino mockumentary film directed by Mike de Leon, with a screenplay written by de Leon and Clodualdo del Mundo Jr. It stars Ricky Davao and Cris Villanueva as two filmmakers discussing how to go about creating a film on José Rizal .