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  2. Topology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology

    A three-dimensional model of a figure-eight knot.The figure-eight knot is a prime knot and has an Alexander–Briggs notation of 4 1.. Topology (from the Greek words τόπος, 'place, location', and λόγος, 'study') is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of a geometric object that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, twisting, crumpling ...

  3. Characteristic (algebra) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_(algebra)

    Characteristic (algebra) In mathematics, the characteristic of a ring R, often denoted char (R), is defined to be the smallest positive number of copies of the ring's multiplicative identity (1) that will sum to the additive identity (0). If no such number exists, the ring is said to have characteristic zero.

  4. Point (geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(geometry)

    In geometry, a point is an abstract idealization of an exact position, without size, in physical space, [1] or its generalization to other kinds of mathematical spaces.As zero-dimensional objects, points are usually taken to be the fundamental indivisible elements comprising the space, of which one-dimensional curves, two-dimensional surfaces, and higher-dimensional objects consist; conversely ...

  5. Characterization (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterization_(mathematics)

    Characterization (mathematics) In mathematics, a characterization of an object is a set of conditions that, while possibly different from the definition of the object, is logically equivalent to it. [1] To say that "Property P characterizes object X " is to say that not only does X have property P, but that X is the only thing that has property ...

  6. Mathematical structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_structure

    Mathematical structure. In Mathematics, a structure on a set (or on some sets) refers to providing it (or them) with certain additional features (e.g. an operation, relation, metric, or topology). Τhe additional features are attached or related to the set (or to the sets), so as to provide it (or them) with some additional meaning or significance.

  7. Local field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_field

    In mathematics, a field K is called a non-Archimedean local field if it is complete with respect to a metric induced by a discrete valuation v and if its residue field k is finite. [1] In general, a local field is a locally compact topological field with respect to a non-discrete topology. [2] The real numbers R, and the complex numbers C (with ...

  8. Ramification (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramification_(mathematics)

    Ramification in algebraic number theory means a prime ideal factoring in an extension so as to give some repeated prime ideal factors. Namely, let be the ring of integers of an algebraic number field , and a prime ideal of . For a field extension we can consider the ring of integers (which is the integral closure of in ), and the ideal of .

  9. Riemann–Hurwitz formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann–Hurwitz_formula

    Riemann–Hurwitz formula. In mathematics, the Riemann–Hurwitz formula, named after Bernhard Riemann and Adolf Hurwitz, describes the relationship of the Euler characteristics of two surfaces when one is a ramified covering of the other. It therefore connects ramification with algebraic topology, in this case.

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