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The thermosphere (or the upper atmosphere) is the height region above 85 kilometres (53 mi), while the region between the tropopause and the mesopause is the middle atmosphere (stratosphere and mesosphere) where absorption of solar UV radiation generates the temperature maximum near an altitude of 45 kilometres (28 mi) and causes the ozone layer.
This includes the effects of the solar wind, especially on the Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. [1] Though physically distinct, space weather is analogous to the terrestrial weather of Earth's atmosphere ( troposphere and stratosphere ).
The concept that the space between the Earth and the Moon must be a vacuum was first proposed in the 17th century after scientists discovered that air pressure decreased with altitude. The immense scale of outer space was grasped in the 20th century when the distance to the Andromeda Galaxy was first measured.
The lower part of the thermosphere, from 80 to 550 kilometres (50 to 342 mi) above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere. The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height and can rise as high as 1500 °C (2700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not
Date Event leading to space exploration Country Researcher(s) Ref(s). 1610 First telescopic observation of the night sky: discovery of the Galilean moons, lunar craters and the phases of Venus. Venice: Galileo Galilei: 1668 First reflecting telescope. England: Isaac Newton: 1781 First telescopic discovery of planet . Great Britain: William Herschel
Oldest-known Chinese inscription found in Israel was recently found at the holy site of Mount Zion, according to the Israeli Antiquities Authority. It dates back more than 500 years.
The following dates are approximations. 700 BC: Pythagoras's theorem is discovered by Baudhayana in the Hindu Shulba Sutras in Upanishadic India. [18] However, Indian mathematics, especially North Indian mathematics, generally did not have a tradition of communicating proofs, and it is not fully certain that Baudhayana or Apastamba knew of a proof.
The artifact, known as the “Frankfurt Silver Inscription”, was discovered during a 2017-18 excavation after the researchers digitally unrolled a tiny scroll inside the amulet, revealing an ...