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Yet antlers are commonly retained through the winter and into the spring, [26] suggesting that they have another use. Wolves in Yellowstone National Park are 3.6 times more likely to attack individual male elk without antlers, or groups of elk in which at least one male is without antlers. [26]
Antlers begin to grow on male reindeer in March or April and on female reindeer in May or June. ... Temperature gradient along the nasal mucosa is ... The shoulder ...
Reindeer are the only species of deer where both males and females can grow antlers. Male reindeer often weigh three times the weight of an average person, while females are a bit smaller ...
Both male and female boreal woodland caribou have antlers [12] during part of the year, although some females may have only one antler or no antlers at all (Boreal Caribou ATK Reports, 2010–2011). [33] On the males these grow so quickly each year that velvety lumps in March can become a rack measuring more than a metre in length by August.
Antlers typically measure 71 cm (28 in) in total length and weigh 1 kg (2.2 lb), although large ones can grow to 115 cm (45 in) and weigh 5 kg (11 lb). [8] Antlers, which are made of bone, can grow at a rate of 2.5 cm (1 in) a day. [ 11 ]
Mountain reindeer are medium to large even-toed ungulates with a thick double coat that protects them from the Norwegian winter. Male reindeer (bulls) weigh on average 70 to 150 kg (154 to 331 pounds), while females (cows) weigh on average 40 to 100 kg (88 to 220 pounds). Both bulls and cows have antlers, but cows do not use them to battle one ...
The mule deer is the larger of the three Odocoileus species on average, with a height of 80–106 cm (31–42 in) at the shoulders and a nose-to-tail length ranging from 1.2 to 2.1 m (3.9 to 6.9 ft). Of this, the tail may comprise 11.6 to 23 cm (4.6 to 9.1 in).
Based on this and patterns seen in modern deer, last year's antlers in Irish elk bucks were potentially shed in early March, peak antler growth in early June, completion by mid-July, shedding velvet (a layer of blood vessels on the antlers in-use while growing them) by late July, and the height of rut falling on the second week of August. Geist ...