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More precisely, the fundamental theorem of algebra asserts that every non-constant polynomial equation with real or complex coefficients has a solution which is a complex number. For example, the equation (+) = has no real solution, because the square of a real number cannot be negative, but has the two nonreal complex solutions + and .
In fact, the same proof shows that Euler's formula is even valid for all complex numbers x. A point in the complex plane can be represented by a complex number written in cartesian coordinates. Euler's formula provides a means of conversion between cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates. The polar form simplifies the mathematics when used ...
All quadratic equations have exactly two solutions in complex numbers (but they may be equal to each other), a category that includes real numbers, imaginary numbers, and sums of real and imaginary numbers. Complex numbers first arise in the teaching of quadratic equations and the quadratic formula. For example, the quadratic equation
In mathematics, an algebraic expression is an expression built up from constants (usually, algebraic numbers) variables, and the basic algebraic operations: addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (×), division (÷), whole number powers, and roots (fractional powers).
A complex number is equal to its complex conjugate if its imaginary part is zero, that is, if the number is real. In other words, real numbers are the only fixed points of conjugation. Conjugation does not change the modulus of a complex number: | ¯ | = | |. Conjugation is an involution, that is, the conjugate of the conjugate of a complex ...
However, there are generalizations of this formula valid for other exponents. These can be used to give explicit expressions for the n th roots of unity, that is, complex numbers z such that z n = 1. Using the standard extensions of the sine and cosine functions to complex numbers, the formula is valid even when x is an arbitrary complex number.
The set of all algebraic integers A is closed under addition, subtraction and multiplication and therefore is a commutative subring of the complex numbers. The ring of integers of a number field K, denoted by O K, is the intersection of K and A: it can also be characterised as the maximal order of the field K. Each algebraic integer belongs to ...
exists and is a nonzero complex number. In this case, the point at infinity is a pole of order n if n > 0, and a zero of order | | if n < 0. For example, a polynomial of degree n has a pole of degree n at infinity. The complex plane extended by a point at infinity is called the Riemann sphere.
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