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Drug interaction. Grapefruit juice can act as an enzyme inhibitor, affecting the metabolism of drugs. In pharmaceutical sciences, drug interactions occur when a drug's mechanism of action is affected by the concomitant administration of substances such as foods, beverages, or other drugs. A popular example of drug–food interaction is the ...
7-Methylxanthine (7-MX), also known as heteroxanthine, is an active metabolite of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine). [1] [2] It is a non-selective antagonist of the adenosine receptors. [1] [2] The compound may slow the progression of myopia (nearsightedness).
Drugs that interact usually share three common features: they are taken orally, normally only a small amount enters systemic blood circulation, and they are metabolized by CYP3A4. [1] The effects on the CYP3A4 in the liver could, in principle, cause interactions with non-oral drugs, [citation needed] and non-CYP3A4-mediated effects also exist. [31]
Caffeine. Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class and is the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance globally. [9][10] It is mainly used for its eugeroic (wakefulness promoter), ergogenic (physical performance enhancing), or nootropic (cognition improving) properties. [11][12] Caffeine acts by ...
Additive effect. Additive effect in pharmacology describes the situation when the combining effects of two drugs equal the sum of the effects of the two drugs acting independently. [1][2] The concept of additive effect is derived from the concept of synergy. It was introduced by the scientists in pharmacology and biochemistry fields in the ...
Therefore, drugs that use that enzyme, like theophylline, do not interact with levofloxacin. It is a weak inhibitor of CYP2C9, [37] suggesting potential to block the breakdown of warfarin and phenprocoumon. This can result in more action of drugs like warfarin, leading to more potential side effects, such as bleeding. [38]
Caffeic acid has a variety of potential pharmacological effects in in vitro studies and in animal models, and the inhibitory effect of caffeic acid on cancer cell proliferation by an oxidative mechanism in the human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cell line has recently been established. [23] Caffeic acid is an antioxidant in vitro and also in vivo. [16]
Caffeinism is a state of intoxication caused by excessive consumption of caffeine. This intoxication covers a variety of unpleasant physical and mental symptoms associated with the consumption of excessive amounts of caffeine. [1] Caffeine is considered one of the most widely consumed drugs around the world. Around 80% of the world population ...