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The left–right political spectrum is a system of classifying political positions, ideologies and parties, with emphasis placed upon issues of social equality and social hierarchy. In addition to positions on the left and on the right, there are centrist and moderate positions, which are not strongly aligned with either end of the spectrum.
The claim that political positions can be located on a chart with two axes: left–right and tough–tender (authoritarian-libertarian) was put forward by the British psychologist Hans Eysenck in his 1954 book The Psychology of Politics with statistical evidence based on survey data. [1]
The Pournelle chart has liberty on one axis, with those on the left seeking freedom from control or protections for social deviance and those on the right emphasizing state authority or protections for norm enforcement (farthest right being state worship, farthest left being the idea of a state as the "ultimate evil").
Political ideology in the United States is usually described with the left–right spectrum. Liberalism is the predominant left-leaning ideology and conservatism is the predominant right-leaning ideology. [96] [97] Those who hold beliefs between liberalism and conservatism or a mix of beliefs on this scale are called moderates.
Proponents of horseshoe theory argue that the far-left and the far-right are closer to each other than either is to the political center. In popular discourse, the horseshoe theory asserts that advocates of the far-left and the far-right, rather than being at opposite and opposing ends of a linear continuum of the political spectrum, closely resemble each other, analogous to the way that the ...
From 9/11 to the COVID-19 pandemic, crisis moments keep reshaping the political landscape. Skip to main content. 24/7 Help. For premium support please call: 800-290-4726 more ...
Bobbio argues that the political terms left and right are meaningful and consistent. He dismisses arguments that late 20th-century movements often are hard to place on the left–right political spectrum, arguing that this mainly is something left-wingers say when they try to regain power after having lost momentum.
While the traditional political "left-right" spectrum is a line, the Nolan Chart, created by David Nolan, is a plane, situating libertarianism in a wider gamut of political thought. Nolan pictured with his eponymous chart at the 1996 Libertarian National Convention