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CD68 immunostaining demonstrating macrophages and giant cells in a case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. CD68 (Cluster of Differentiation 68) is a protein highly expressed by cells in the monocyte lineage (e.g., monocytic phagocytes, osteoclasts), by circulating macrophages, and by tissue macrophages (e.g., Kupffer cells, microglia). [5]
CR2, a type I transmembrane protein found in the cytoplasm of pre-B cells and on the surface of mature B cells, follicular dendritic cells, pharyngeal and cervical epithelial cells, some thymocytes, and some T cells that plays a role in signal transduction; expressed in hairy cell leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, and some T-cell acute lymphocytic ...
Single-pass membrane proteins cross the membrane only once, while multi-pass membrane proteins weave in and out, crossing the membrane several times. Single pass membrane proteins can be categorized as Type I, which are positioned such that their carboxyl-terminus is towards the cytosol, or Type II, which have their amino-terminus towards the ...
Alpha-helical proteins are present in the inner membranes of bacterial cells or the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells, and sometimes in the bacterial outer membrane. [5] This is the major category of transmembrane proteins. In humans, 27% of all proteins have been estimated to be alpha-helical membrane proteins. [6]
CD80 can be found on the surface of various immune cells, including B-cells, monocytes, or T-cells, but most typically at antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells. [6] [7] [13] CD80 has a crucial role in modulating T-cell immune function as a checkpoint protein at the immunological synapse. [14]
CD64 (Cluster of Differentiation 64) is a type of integral membrane glycoprotein known as an Fc receptor that binds monomeric IgG-type antibodies with high affinity. [1] It is more commonly known as Fc-gamma receptor 1 (FcγRI).
The OX40 molecule, conversely, is present on the surface of activated T lymphocytes (mainly CD4+ T cells), [4] but also on NK cells, [5] NKT cells, [6] and neutrophils. [6] The ligation of OX40-OX40L is a source of survival signal for T cells [ 6 ] and enables the development of memory T cells . [ 7 ]
All three known members of the selectin family (L-, E-, and P-selectin) share a similar cassette structure: an N-terminal, calcium-dependent lectin domain, an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain, a variable number of consensus repeat units (2, 6, and 9 for L-, E-, and P-selectin, respectively), a transmembrane domain (TM) and an intracellular cytoplasmic tail (cyto).