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Caramboxin (CBX) is a toxin found in star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) [1] [2] and the related bilimbi fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi). [3] Individuals with some types of kidney disease are susceptible to adverse neurological effects including intoxication, seizures and even death after eating star fruit [4] and bilimbi fruit. [3]
Averrhoa carambola is a species of tree in the family Oxalidaceae native to tropical Southeast Asia; [1] it has a number of common names, including carambola, star fruit and five-corner. [2] It is a small tree or shrub that grows 5 to 12 m (16 to 39 ft) tall, with rose to red-purple flowers.
Carambola, also known as star fruit, is the fruit of Averrhoa carambola, a species of tree native to tropical Southeast Asia. [1] [2] [3] The edible fruit has distinctive ridges running down its sides (usually 5–6). [1] When cut in cross-section, it resembles a star, giving it the name of star fruit.
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances , both toxic chemicals and medications , on kidney function . [ 1 ] There are various forms, [ 2 ] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way.
The health hazards of mycotoxins to humans or animals have been reviewed extensively in recent years. [4] To ensure agricultural productivity and sustainability, animal and public health, animal welfare and the environment, maximum levels of undesirable substances in animal feed are laid down in the EU Directive of the European Parliament and ...
Gambeya albida, commonly known as white star apple, [1] is a forest fruit tree commonly found throughout tropical Africa. [3] It is closely related to the African star apple (Gambeya africana) which is also common throughout West Africa. Some schools of thought feel that they may just be a variety of the same species.
The tropane alkaloids of A. bella-donna were used as poisons, and early humans made poisonous arrows from the plant. [ 75 ] [ 15 ] In Ancient Rome , it was used as a poison by Agrippina the Younger , wife of Emperor Claudius , on the advice of Locusta , a woman who specialised in poisons, and Livia , who is rumored to have used it to kill her ...
The fruit has a sweet, mild taste, which may have a hint of pineapple, but is best described as reminiscent of caramel flan. It is often used in ice cream or eaten out of hand. Unripe fruits contain a gummy and unpalatable latex that hardens upon exposure to air. The skin of the ripe fruit is a pale yellow color with a leathery texture and ...