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Caramboxin (CBX) is a toxin found in star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) [1] [2] and the related bilimbi fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi). [3] Individuals with some types of kidney disease are susceptible to adverse neurological effects including intoxication, seizures and even death after eating star fruit [4] and bilimbi fruit. [3]
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances , both toxic chemicals and medications , on kidney function . [ 1 ] There are various forms, [ 2 ] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way.
Carambola, also known as star fruit, is the fruit of Averrhoa carambola, a species of tree native to tropical Southeast Asia. [1] [2] [3] The edible fruit has distinctive ridges running down its sides (usually 5–6). [1] When cut in cross-section, it resembles a star, giving it the name of star fruit.
Its fruit is a dry follicle similar to the Chinese star anise, but toxic, smaller and with a weaker odour, reputed to be more similar to the aroma of cardamom than to that of anise. Due to its poisonous nature, its seeds have been used as a fish poison as well as a natural agricultural pesticide and to repel animals from digging the grounds of ...
Averrhoa carambola is a species of tree in the family Oxalidaceae native to tropical Southeast Asia; [1] it has a number of common names, including carambola, star fruit and five-corner. [2] It is a small tree or shrub that grows 5 to 12 m (16 to 39 ft) tall, with rose to red-purple flowers.
The toxicity of L. camara to humans is undetermined, with several studies suggesting that ingesting unripe berries can be toxic to humans. [149] Other studies have found evidence which suggests that ingestion of L. camara fruit poses no risk to humans and are in fact edible when ripe. [150] Ligustrum spp. privet, amur, wax-leaf Oleaceae
Mibolerone, also known as dimethylnortestosterone (DMNT) and sold under the brand names Cheque Drops and Matenon, is a synthetic, orally active, and extremely potent anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) and a 17α-alkylated nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) derivative which was marketed by Upjohn for use as a veterinary drug.
Test a drug–fruit combination in humans [11] Test a fruit chemically for the presence of the interacting polyphenol compounds; Test a fruit genetically for the genes needed to make the interacting polyphenol compounds [32] The first approach involves risk to trial volunteers. The first and second approaches have another problem: the same ...