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Anwar first read "Aku" at the Jakarta Cultural Centre in July 1943. [1] It was then printed in Pemandangan under the title "Semangat" ("Spirit"); according to Indonesian literary documentarian HB Jassin, this was to avoid censorship and to better promote the nascent independence movement. [2] "
"Padamu Jua" was written by Amir Hamzah, a Langkat-born Malay writer who studied in Dutch schools. The poem is not dated (indeed, none of Hamzah's works are) [1] Poet Laurens Koster Bohang considers "Padamu Jua" to have been written between 1933 and 1937, [2] while Dutch scholar of Indonesian literature A. Teeuw dates it to 1936/1937. [3]