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The anattā doctrine of Buddhism is a contrast to Hinduism, the latter asserting that "soul exists, it is involved in rebirth, and it is through this soul that everything is connected". [176] [177] [178] Different traditions within Buddhism have offered different theories on what reincarnates and how reincarnation happens.
The rebirth theories in different traditions within Hinduism rely on their foundational assumption that soul exists (Atman, attā), in contrast to Buddhist assumption that there is no soul. [ 117 ] [ 21 ] [ 118 ] Hindu traditions consider soul to be the unchanging eternal essence of a living being, and in many of its theistic and non-theistic ...
The chain of transmigration due to the Three Poisons (hatred, greed, ignorance), of which ignorance of the ultimate truth (Sanskrit: paramārtha; Chinese: zhēndì 真谛) or the true law (Sanskrit: saddharma, सद्धर्म, correct law; Chinese: miàofǎ, 妙法, marvelous law) is generally presented as the source of reincarnation in ...
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of Iron Age India around the middle of the first millennium BCE. [5] This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the Second Urbanisation, marked by the growth of towns and trade, the composition of the Upanishads and the historical emergence of the Śramaṇa traditions.
Like Jainism, Buddhism developed its own saṃsāra theory, that evolved over time the mechanistic details on how the wheel of mundane existence works over the endless cycles of rebirth and redeath. [118] [119] In early Buddhist traditions, saṃsāra cosmology consisted of five realms through which wheel of existence recycled. [111]
Later Buddhist scholars, such as the mid-1st millennium CE Pali scholar Buddhaghosa, suggested that the lack of a self or soul does not mean lack of continuity; and the rebirth across different realms of birth – such as heavenly, human, animal, hellish and others – occurs in the same way that a flame is transferred from one candle to another.
The Buddhist concept of anattā or anātman is one of the fundamental differences between mainstream Buddhism and mainstream Hinduism, with the latter asserting that ātman ("self") exists. [note 2] In Hinduism, Atman refers to the essence of human beings, the observing pure awareness or witness-consciousness.
Buddhist sources also explain how there are different ways to attain the path. The main division of noble ones is between the dharmānusārin (Pāli: dhammānusāri ) "follower of the Dharma", who attains the status of ārya through their understanding of the Dharma.