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  2. Peptide bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_bond

    The amide bond is synthesized when the carboxyl group of one amino acid molecule reacts with the amino group of the other amino acid molecule, causing the release of a molecule of water (H 2 O), hence the process is a dehydration synthesis reaction. The dehydration condensation of two amino acids to form a peptide bond (red) with expulsion of ...

  3. Fermentation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation

    Fermentation is a type of redox metabolism carried out in the absence of oxygen. [1] [2] During fermentation, organic molecules (e.g., glucose) are catabolized and donate electrons to other organic molecules. In the process, ATP and organic end products (e.g., lactate) are formed. Because oxygen is not required, it is an alternative to aerobic ...

  4. Peptide synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_synthesis

    In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds. Peptides are chemically synthesized by the condensation reaction of the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another.

  5. Protein metabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_metabolism

    A peptide bond forms between the amino acid attached to the tRNA in the P site and the amino acid attached to a tRNA in the A site. The formation of a peptide bond requires an input of energy. The two reacting molecules are the alpha amino group of one amino acid and the alpha carboxyl group of the other amino acids.

  6. Monosodium glutamate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate

    MSG has been produced by three methods: hydrolysis of vegetable proteins with hydrochloric acid to disrupt peptide bonds (1909–1962); direct chemical synthesis with acrylonitrile (1962–1973), and bacterial fermentation (the current method). [35]

  7. Bacterial translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_translation

    Initiation of translation in bacteria involves the assembly of the components of the translation system, which are: the two ribosomal subunits (50S and 30S subunits); the mature mRNA to be translated; the tRNA charged with N-formylmethionine (the first amino acid in the nascent peptide); guanosine triphosphate (GTP) as a source of energy, and the three prokaryotic initiation factors IF1, IF2 ...

  8. Fermentation theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_theory

    Process of Fermentation. Fermentation is the anaerobic metabolic process that converts sugar into acids, gases, or alcohols in oxygen starved environments. Yeast and many other microbes commonly use fermentation to carry out anaerobic respiration necessary for survival. Even the human body carries out fermentation processes from time to time ...

  9. Polyglutamic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglutamic_acid

    Polyglutamic acid (PGA) is a polymer of the amino acid glutamic acid (GA). Depending on where the individual monomers connect, PGA can be gamma PGA (poly-γ-glutamic acid, γ-PGA), the form where the peptide bonds are between the amino group of GA and the carboxyl group at the end of the GA side chain, or alpha PGA, the form where the alpha-carboxyl is used to form the peptide bond.