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Mathematics emerged independently in China by the 11th century BCE. [1] The Chinese independently developed a real number system that includes significantly large and negative numbers, more than one numeral system (binary and decimal), algebra, geometry, number theory and trigonometry.
In the same way that Roman numerals were standard in ancient and medieval Europe for mathematics and commerce, the Chinese formerly used the rod numerals, which is a positional system. The Suzhou numerals ( simplified Chinese : 苏州花码 ; traditional Chinese : 蘇州花碼 ; pinyin : Sūzhōu huāmǎ ) system is a variation of the Southern ...
In Japan, mathematicians put counting rods on a counting board, a sheet of cloth with grids, and used only vertical forms relying on the grids. An 18th-century Japanese mathematics book has a checker counting board diagram, with the order of magnitude symbols "千百十一分厘毛" (thousand, hundred, ten, unit, tenth, hundredth, thousandth). [15]
Xuan tu or Hsuan thu (simplified Chinese: 弦图; traditional Chinese: 絃圖; pinyin: xuántú; Wade–Giles: hsüan 2 tʻu 2) is a diagram given in the ancient Chinese astronomical and mathematical text Zhoubi Suanjing indicating a proof of the Pythagorean theorem. [1] Zhoubi Suanjing is one of the oldest Chinese texts on mathematics. The ...
The Chisanbop system. When a finger is touching the table, it contributes its corresponding number to a total. Chisanbop or chisenbop (from Korean chi (ji) finger + sanpŏp (sanbeop) calculation [1] 지산법/指算法), sometimes called Fingermath, [2] is a finger counting method used to perform basic mathematical operations.
The symbols for 5 to 9 are derived from those for 0 to 4 by adding a vertical bar on top, which is similar to adding an upper bead which represents a value of 5 in an abacus. The resemblance makes the Suzhou numerals intuitive to use together with the abacus as the traditional calculation tool.
Bi-quinary coded decimal-like abacus representing 1,352,964,708. An abacus (pl. abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1]
The basic equipment for carrying out rod calculus is a bundle of counting rods and a counting board. The counting rods are usually made of bamboo sticks, about 12 cm- 15 cm in length, 2mm to 4 mm diameter, sometimes from animal bones, or ivory and jade (for well-heeled merchants).