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"Pain ladder", or analgesic ladder, was created by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a guideline for the use of drugs in the management of pain. Originally published in 1986 for the management of cancer pain, it is now widely used by medical professionals for the management of all types of pain.
Docusate is the common chemical and pharmaceutical name of the anion bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, also commonly called dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Salts of this anion, especially docusate sodium , are widely used in medicine as an emollient laxative and as stool softeners , by mouth or rectally. [ 1 ]
Cancer slope factors (CSF) are used to estimate the risk of cancer associated with exposure to a carcinogenic or potentially carcinogenic substance. A slope factor is an upper bound, approximating a 95% confidence limit , on the increased cancer risk from a lifetime exposure to an agent by ingestion or inhalation .
The result is a lifetime risk and a five-year risk based on factors that have been tied to a higher risk of breast cancer. For comparison, it also gives an average risk for U.S. women of the same ...
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a requirement for a prescription from a healthcare professional, [1] as opposed to prescription drugs, which may be supplied only to consumers possessing a valid prescription.
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The majority of drugs used in cancer chemotherapy are cytostatic, many via cytotoxicity. A fundamental philosophy of medical oncology , including combination chemotherapy, is that different drugs work through different mechanisms, and that the results of using multiple drugs will be synergistic to some extent.
The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer. [1] [2] Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumour; the number of involved lymph nodes; and the grade of the tumour. [1] It is calculated to select patients for adjuvant treatment.