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Pendulum clock driven by three weights as "gravity battery". An old and simple application is the pendulum clock driven by a weight, which at 1 kg and 1 m travel can store nearly 10 Newton-meter [Nm], Joule [J] or Watt-second [Ws], thus 1/3600 of a Watt-hour [Wh], while a typical Lithium-ion battery 18650 cell [2] can hold about 7 Wh, thus 2500 times more at 1/20 of the weight.
The higher the energy density of the fuel, the more energy may be stored or transported for the same amount of volume. The energy of a fuel per unit mass is called its specific energy. The adjacent figure shows the gravimetric and volumetric energy density of some fuels and storage technologies (modified from the Gasoline article).
This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page: ... Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C ... Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell [17]
Gravitational time dilation is a form of time dilation, an actual difference of elapsed time between two events, as measured by observers situated at varying distances from a gravitating mass. The lower the gravitational potential (the closer the clock is to the source of gravitation), the slower time passes, speeding up as the gravitational ...
Water potential is the potential energy of water per unit volume relative to pure water in reference conditions. Water potential quantifies the tendency of water to move from one area to another due to osmosis , gravity , mechanical pressure and matrix effects such as capillary action (which is caused by surface tension ).
Natural convection can occur when there are hot and cold regions of either air or water, because both water and air become less dense as they are heated. But, for example, in the world's oceans it also occurs due to salt water being heavier than fresh water, so a layer of salt water on top of a layer of fresher water will also cause convection.
ρ g is mass density, with SI unit kg⋅m −3; ρ is charge density; J g is mass current density or mass flux (J g = ρ g v ρ, where v ρ is the velocity of the mass flow), with SI unit kg⋅m −2 ⋅s −1; J is electric current density; G is the gravitational constant; ε 0 is the vacuum permittivity; c is both the speed of propagation of ...
Gravity currents may be simulated by the shallow water equations, with special dispensation for the leading edge which behaves as a discontinuity. [1] When a gravity current propagates along a plane of neutral buoyancy within a stratified ambient fluid, it is known as a gravity current intrusion .